Theme of religion in the Arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theme of religion in the Arab world - Essay ExampleReligions also should practice equality. In respect to the Muslim scene all slew are equal before the eyes of God. God created people equally and they should be treated equally. The poor should be helped by the racy and exploitation should not be practiced among religious people or the Muslims.In reference of the documentary, religious people should have original goodness. This means that people should practice goodness without being forced or pretending. Original goodness should be seen among religion with people helping each other without expecting repayment or compensation. Religions like Islam beliefs in one God who they regard as the creator of all things and the earth. Muslims belief and worship one God known as Allah who created mankind. The chase of religions set time to worship the unconditional Being. The devoted Muslim should adhere to the practices as required in the Quran. As the religions have a free pick principl e, some people choose not to follow the practices while others follow keenly. Muslims belief that they should remain committed to religious teachings in order to receive blessings the Supreme

The Argument for and Against Gun Laws Essay Example for Free

The Argument for and Against Gun Laws EssayThere are many issues in the media relate to hoagie check out laws. With the large number of shootings that have taken place this year and the recent shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary schooltime that claimed the lives of 20 children and 6 adults many people say that we need tougher laws when it comes to purchasing a gun. Gun laws are different from secern to state, except immediately avocation the devastating school shooting in Newton, Conn. there is a great division between pro-gun advocates and those that are for stricter gun laws. I feel that there should be stricter laws when it comes to purchasing a weapon due to the devastation they can and have caused over the years.When the Constitution was first created in 1787 it included the right to bear blazon for good reason. At that time in our history there was no established military nor was there established law enforcement. Therefore, citizens were responsible for their own c aoutchouc and did not have a choice when it came to owning a gun. Today, however, not just now do we have the four branches of the military along with the Coast Guard and Reserves, but we also have established law enforcement in every city and town. Many pro-gun activists like to hide behind the constitution whenever the subject of gun control comes up. They do not think about the devastation that has been caused over the years by guns since their invention. There have been a countless number of murders as strong as accidental shooting that have occurred in the United States alone. Many also try to get away with murder by claiming immunity infra laws such as the Stand Your Ground Law in Florida.Today, the military is also well established. Not only do we have the Army, Navy, Air squash and Marines, but we also have the Reserves as well as the Coast Guard. Within these military branches we also have Military Intelligence and homeland security in place. This does not include the numerous other departments within the military.The established law enforcement across the country is one is the mostimportant reasons wherefore it is unnecessary for free-and-easy Americans to own high powered weapons. Not only do we have local law enforcement, but state and federal as well. Every town or city has a regular Police Department or Sheriffs Office to protect its citizens. This is why it is unnecessary for citizens to own high powered weapons.In conclusions, with events such as shootings at Columbine, The Dark Knight Rises premier and the shooting of Trayvon Martin guns in the hands of everyday citizens is and can be deadly. The Constitution was created at a time when there was no true established military or law and is the reason why it was necessary for Americans to carry a weapon for protection. Now, however, this is not the case and with people not only purchasing handguns, but automatic weapons it is a scary stain of many of us. There should be a more stricter la w about who should be able to own automatic and high powered guns because not only are these guns in the hands of criminals, but in the hands of children as well. That is why there needs to be tougher gun control laws.ReferencesWood, J. (2013). Interpersonal communications Everyday encounters. (7th ed., pp. 100-103).Hartfield, E. (2012, December 24). In gun control debate, arguments for tougher background checks, better state reporting. Retrieved from http//abcnews.go.com/PoliticsMyers, R. (2012, December 5). Gun control debate How owning a gun changes the dynamics of conflict. Retrieved from http//www.policymic.comClark, H. (2012, December 24). Could U.S, gun control debate benefit from Australian model?. Retrieved from http//www.alaskadispatch.com

Explanations of crime deviance Essay Example for Free

Explanations of crime deviance EssayThe right realist perspective on crime is mainly associated with the American sociologist W.J Wilson. This perspective became very influential on theme office policy-making during the conservatives period in office.The right realist approach assumes that human beings are naturally selfish, individualistic and greedy. in that respectfore ther are naturally inclined to gain ground their interest, even if this means comitting crime. They also believe the origins of crime are misunderstood, that is policies aimed at tackling crime by removing social and economic inequalities. Wilson noted that the Great Depression in the USA did not result in a rise in crime. Another right realist explanation is that the welfare state has undermined our sense of obligation to reassert each other, andthat community controls, i.e. informal controls imposed by neighbours, family and peer groups are breaking down. ripe(p) realists stress that attempts to explain t he causes of crime should be abandoned and that sociologists should kinda focus on finding practical solutions to slow the growth of crime. This developed the control theory.Hirschi argues that crime is opportunistic and anyone would commit crime if the situation was right and thither was little chance of being caught. He says that sociologists should not focus on why pile commit crime but why more people do not. He maintains that to the highest degree people are rational in their choices and that there are controls that operate to make most people keep their actions within the bounds of the law. They are, Attachment- lading to family relationships which could be threatened by criminal acts, Commitment- years of education, building a career, buying a home and aquiring a good reputation, all this could be woolly-headed by commiting crime, Involvement- some people are activley involved in community life as volunteers, parentgovernors for schools etc. all this would be jepordized b y criminal behaviour.Right realists believe the way to control crime is to take practical measures to make sure the cost of crime outweighs the benefits.Left realists such as grazing land and late attempt to explain way crime in urban areas. Theirvictim survey of inner-city Islington showed that working class, black peopleand especially elderly women, had a realistic fear of street crime. Lea and Young argue that despite evidence of police racism, criminal statistics are largely correct as working classes and Afro-Caribbeans do commit the most crime.They agreed thatwhite-collar and crimes go largely undetected and under punished, they do not point out however that they do not have the same cast out impact on society as crimes such as mugging or burglary.Lea and Young maintain the reason why working class and Afro-Caribbean people commit crime is to do with feelings of relative deprivation, such as comparing themselves to middle class or white youth with regard to life chances, vi tality standards and income. Such groups feel frustrated with their lack of power. Negative treatment by the police and authorities leave groups feeling hostile and resentful, consequnently they are marginalized. Some mayform subcultures to sustain copewith the statusfrustration and marginalization.Hughes notes that left realists should be valued for the challenge they posed to radical criminologys thinking on the issues of intra-class and intra-ethnic crimes.Left realism has drawn attention to the brutalising effects of street crimes in the inner-city and the fact that some theories of crime have romanticised offenders, it has highlighted the effects of crime for victims, a group neglected by most theories of crime. It realistically acknowledges that the police amplify the battlefront of some groups in the criminal statistics through the use of stop and search, but points out that policing is quite rightly focusing on those groups most likley to commit crime. There is no emperica l evidence to support the view that young working class or black criminals interpret their realities in the way described by Lea and Young.Research on the motives of offenders is required. Lea and Young do not really explain why the majority of working class and Afro-Caribbean youth do not turn to crime. Left realism only focuses on collective or subcultural criminal responses and does not explain crimes such as burglary, which arecommited by individuals earlier than gangs. It focuses exclusivley on street crime and ignores other serious crimes such as fraud and it fails to account for oppurtunistic crime commited by adults.

Favorite Brand Paper Essay Example for Free

Favorite Brand Paper EssayWithin this paper the reader will read about 3 to 4 companies the causation would like to work for with detailed explanations as to why. Furthermore, the reader will learn ways of engaging those companies in the most effective manner in parley that guarantees the authors acceptance of those position(s), and what makes the author potentially valuable to those companies. In short, YOU the reader will learn the, who, what, and why of piecing a proposal (an raising pitch) together while keeping it short and simple. The elevator pitch that will be used depends on what position you would like to expose oneself to within/for the organization. For now, allow us check out potential companies the author envisions himself working for. Then we can look a few elevator pitches that will guarantee the authors acceptance. rarified Company(s) to Work For/WithOne of the authors rarified company(s) to work with would be in the area of market advertising. Reason being is that the author has a truthful belief that influence plays a major role in economic growth and development if not the opposite depending on what is being promoted. So the ideal company would be a company called LGA (http//lgaadv.com/). Another interest is management for a company therefore, the ideal company the author would like to work with is interconnected Management Associates (http//www.ima-pm.com/) who specializes in developing leadership skills from self capture-to-company capture perspectives. Finally, trading/negotiating is another interest the author admires. So sales would be an ideal life history and likes Wal-Mart (http//www.walmart.com/).Does He Got What It TakesThe author has somewhat an experience related background in those fields. For an example The author as a young man handled voluminous orders and door-to-door sales for a direct marketing company (he wishes to not mention the name). His aggressive persistence and way with words ushered him straight to t he top. Moreover, his desire to work with others in his interest in trading (in which he was exceptional at) gave a desire to work with like minded individuals- so obtaining a degree in the go of Management enabled the author to learn skills in communication, observation, integration, coordinating, and specialization. Although the author doesnt remember what was said that placed him in positions of power in recent years, but since developed, let us look at his elevator pitch in obtaining a career of his dreams on a macro-level. To get a bit more creative, he would choose to be President of THE UNITED STATES of AMERICA.An Elevator PitchThe elevator pitch that will be used to explain the authors range to those companies is as expressed below for the local companies and the position for a seat as president also. The pitch is as so Hello, my name is Brandon White, also know as BWU. I will be obtaining a degree in business management with a concentration in management and have late gr aduated from the University of Phoenix. I am looking to add value to your company/constituents with learned skills I have developed over decades. I recently pen an article revealing the phenomena. Can I invite you to my summit to elicit your inquires? The pitch, does it sound as if it is coming from someone who wants to simply work and stay at the bottom of the totem poll? The author certainly doesnt think so, however, the pitch does reveal a drive to reveal something that is only possessed by the deliverer. The author basically states that developing a pitch that entails/projects confidence, influence, and room to give the listener room to ask questions wins if responses are in harmony with the observers question(s). surpass Ways to Make ContactAccording to the author, best ways to make contact would be in the most effective form of communication- writing. He writes that because the communication would be void of all emotions as oppose to speaking over a telephone or in person and listening to reactions stemming from emotions.And the same would be applied for those needed to contact that may have influence in the hiring process. Granted, the author isnt saying create something so influencing that doors will be exposed for you, but injecting different levels of communication for different levels of positions. For example, if you wanted to land a gig working within a company your communication would reflect an baron to work well with others, being able to follow directions, and having some form of dependability. However, if you wanted to land a gig running a company, one essential know how to nurture that company to the point all the above answers for working that company would be included while being able to communicate and campaign thoseactions.

A Reflection On My Learning Styles Education Essay

A Reflection On My Learning Styles Education EssayINTRODUCTIONThis thoughtful essay aims to draw formulation from recognise acquired from the Learning from Practice and Reflection (LFPR) module studied at level 1. My own development during this period result be examined in addition to issues encountered in the progression of the event/activities endeavoured upon.In an attempt to demonstrate significant comprehension of my encyclopedism from experiences encountered during this process, fierceness would be do on the learn name(s) utilised and how these were examined and developed. My takered and actual pursued percentages will besides be highlighted to show how I developed and/or changed behaviours. How I shit managed to develop new and alert skills will be assessed and the limit to which I understand myself and my schooling. Fin bothy, I would evaluate the potential scope of improvements made and in fatality of cosmos made by looking ahead in order to perceive how th ings would be through with(predicate) with(p) and what I would do differently resulting from lessons learnt from past experience.The aforementi unmatchedd(prenominal) analysis will be well structured to cover the different stages (planning, implementation and evaluation) knotty in the activeness pursued, and will be made against a backdrop of theory and models that would be utilised and act as supporting evidence accumulated from the module.In doing so, one must also acknow guidege the grandeur and relevance of much(prenominal) a topic due the all-encompassing scope it possesses to the extent of creation applicable far and beyond this module, university life, alone to greater dimensions at the peak of ones c beer. Learning styles, preferences and skills learnt and adopted could be further honed and tailored around ones expertise in order to maximise ones potential and capacity. This would prove crucial and specially beneficial in areas where there is much at stake, non to mention the flexibility involved in its transferrable record (the acquisition of transferrable skills such as organisational, decision do, dialogue, research, IT appropriate numeracy and group work) where its c at a timept could be implemented in areas/situations of a less magnitude such as nurturing kids to adopt such breeding techniques a an early age when starting a family or general everyday experiences.LITERATURE ON LEARNING STYLES/CYCLES PREFERENCESHoney and MumfordThe process of learnedness has been appoint to be multi-dimensional as variant schools of thought obtain come up with various theoretical models that conjure how people learn. Among the most noted is Kolbs (1984 1995), who presented learn as a cycle evolving on a constant basis. Viewing this one can easily reason perhaps why academics such as the likes of Kunzel(no-date) would argue from a psycho recordical standpoint that learning is a journey or a lifelong process. The diagram be belittled illustra tes the Kolbs (1984 1995) initial development of learning as a cycleSubsequently deduced from the original cycle above is Honey and Mumfords (1992) learning cycle illustrated belowThe second enhanced stochastic variable seems to declare that in every learning situation, the learning process involving the learner should move consciously through with(predicate) every stage of the cycle. However, this may be found strange to practical reality and experience which show significant preferences for one or more than(prenominal) of the stages over others and that not all learners are well grounded in all stages of the cycle. Although some learners may positively or negatively dislike one or some of the stages, there is nothing to prove or indicate that such preference systems make learners better or worse than one another.Relevant and directly aligned to each stage of the learning cycle, Honey and Mumford (1992) identify quaternary different preferential methods in which people prefe r to learn, namely Activist, Reflector, Theorist and Pragmatist. People tend to operate in just one or in a combination of these modes depending on the degree of preferences, because rather than beingness fixed characteristics, these are assumed to be acquired characteristics adaptable either through evolved circumstances or at will. Additionally, it is said as mentioned by Honey and Mumford (1992), that ones managerial approach usually reflects ones learning style or vice versa. Honey and Mumford (1992) also foundActivists tend to prefer being proactively involved and dominated by imminent and new experiences with a philosophy of wanting to give a go at anything at least at one time. This consumes their days with activity and problems are usually tackled through brainstorming. Honey and Mumford (1992) also suggests that activists are busy looking for another activity once the short bursts of excitement from one has sedated.Apparently according to Honey and Mumford (1992), activis ts are bored with implementation and longer-term consolidation processes and are least productive in learning from passive situations centred on concept or theory that may include the likes of watching and listening to lectures or reading, but rather tend to thrive on and relish the challenge of new experiences. One may argue however, that this element of interest does in fact involve implementation however short-termist it may be, so perhaps it is long-term implementation that activist dislike, but can tolerate short-term as long as it serves their needs of interest and preferences. Activists also prefer not to review their learning achievements and opportunities and dislike situations requiring detailed preparation, solitary work or repetitive tasks.Reflectors prefer to stand back, listen, observe and ponder on experiences from various perspectives, and learn better(p) when doing this. This process usually involves collecting information (either first-hand or from others) to be t horoughly thought through from every possible angle in the beginning coming to any definite conclusions, comments or actions. As a result, characteristics traits present in reflectors include postponing outcomes as long as possible always employment caution, whilst watching other people in action preferring to occupy a back seat in discussions and meetings, always thinking before speaking, adapting a low profile and possessing a slightly tolerant, distant and unruffled aura. Honey and Mumford (1992) suggests reflectors are weaker in learning when rushed into things without time to plan or with inad agree data, when pushed into role play duties like chairing a meeting.Theorists as learners enjoy analysing and synthesising by combining and converting distinct facts and observations into comprehensive logical theories. Theorists are said to learn surpass when presented with a concept theory, system or model irrespective of the potential distance from reality associated with such appl ication. This philosophy relishes logic and rationality. Honey and Mumford (1992) state that theorists enjoy being intellectually challenged preferring to work with structure, a clear purpose, and being allowed toinvestigate associations and interrelationshipsquestion assumptions and logicanalyse reasons and to generalise from deductionsTheorists are said to usually think things through in a well structured and logical manner with high perfectionist tendencies restless unless and until things fit well into a rational scheme or sequence. trait of this learning preference is keen interest on formulas, theories, models, assumptions and systems thinking, and detached, analytical and dedicated to rational objectivity in nature.Anything flippant, immanent in judgement, ambiguous and lateral in thinking, tend to be of discomfort to theorists, who are weaker in learning whensupposed to do something without clear purposeactivities are unstructured and ambiguousemotion is emphasizedfaced wit h shallow activitiessubject supporting data is unavailablefeeling out of tune with the rest of the group (Honey and Mumford, 1992).Pragmatists are more concerned with making things work on a practical reality by possessing a keen interest on implementing theories, sentiments and/or techniques learnt (either recently or previously) to test if they work. This is a feat in slight contrast with reflectors and theorists. Pragmatists are said to positively (and perhaps proactively) search out new ideas and relish opportunities to experiment with applications. They enjoy acquiring on with things, making practical decisions and solving problems, and are confident and decisive when acting on ideas proving attractive. Pragmatists are also practical and down-to-earth in nature responding as a challenge to problems and opportunities with a can do, there always a better way or an it is good if it works billet. Such attitude can be easily perceived as positivist and optimist in mentality or way of thinking.Honey and Mumford (1992) suggests that pragmatists are trounce at learning when there is a clear link between their current job or (team) role and what is being learnt (the subject matter). They are said to enjoy film to processes or techniques clearly practical in nature with immediate relevance where there is a high probability for an opportunity to exist for implementation. As set by Honey and Mumford (1992), points of weakness in learning with such preference are where there are no immediate rewards, benefits and/or relevance existing from learning activity and/or event(s).After completing Honey and Mumfords (1992) learning styles questionnaire, my highest and second highest score was against reflectors and theorists respectively. This indicated that strengths and learning preferences centred on those of reflectors and theorists and weaker in comparison to adapting traits of activists and pragmatists learning styles. Additionally, my personalised results of Hone y and Mumfords (1992) learning survey indicated that I preferred watching and thinking than doing and feeling which effectively placed me in a philosophy category. This complemented the theorist style of learning more than the reflectors by suggesting that I preferredto dwell on observations and pull thoughts into an integrated whole in a structured manner,logical reasoning, theories, projects and models,analogies, systems, vitrine studies and lectures courtesy of Clarke (2010).Equipped with this knowledge, placed me in a better convenient position to benefit from choosing the most suitable and adaptable learning techniques, experiences and opportunities at accustomed activities/event(s)/tasks such as the group activity we embarked upon as on a module requirement. Additionally, there are options now available at least consciously where learning styles can be developed in order to expand the range skills available for learning purposes.Considering that by preference, with regards t o the three of import stages involved in any given task/activity/event (planning, implementation and evaluation), reflectors and theorists are more keen and productive in the planning and evaluation sides of things as inappropriate to activists and pragmatists implementation, it is of no surprise that I also enjoyed and performed better during these stages (planning and evaluation) of our group activity. Pragmatically speaking this does not suggest however, that Honey and Mumfords (1992) learning cycle theory was not at all contradicted or called into question at times in reality, as it would be kinda naive to deem it flawless especially considering the wide dimension of learning styles preferences theory and literature out there. This criticism of Honey and Mumfords (1992) learning cycle matches Smiths (2001) fourth criticism of the cycle which outlines that the ideological sequences do not necessarily equate to reality. Among other criticisms by Smith (2001) worth mentioning is the fact that cultural conditions and experiences are not at all considered and acknowledged, not to mention the subjective perhaps pre-judgemental and weak empirical evidence it relies on for diagnosis. The overriding criticism of this learning cycle is Smiths (2001) sixth but not least criticism which instead rightly points out that the relationship between knowledge and learning processes is much more complex than Kolb (1984) and Honey and Mumford (1992) suggest. Emphasising this point is the Islamic principle and philosophy expound so eloquently by Abdalati (1975) as the truth and knowledge are not entirely confined to sensory knowledge or perception alone. This principle is so firmly rooted when pondered upon that it goes further to expose the fact that any view held or derived by an individual(s) without infallibility or divine revelation, is usually based on the rationalisation of ones own prejudices.LEARNING LOGThese were noticed and considered upon critical reflection of critical incidents aided by the utilisation of a learning log which unplowed track of how I was managing my learning. Consciously and deliberately, time was taken out to focus on my performance during the course as is the emphasis of this essay. The objective of this is to review thoughts that led to specific actions, outcomes, and lessons learnt from experience in order to be well equipped and informed for future practice weaknesses could be developed and repeated mistakes avoided. From an enhanced version of the earliest cognise version of the renown proverb initiated by Julius Caesar, experience is the teacher of all things, author Pliny the Elder in Naturalis Historia (A.D. 77) mentioned experience as the best teacher, which does emphasis the rationale behind such learning methods. When used critically, the technique of critical reflection can assist one to hone skills. The learning log which in essence is a diary, a progress file or a journal of event/activities with short te rm reactions to activities, can significantly in the reflecting process.The learning log used during this module can be summarised into three important separates, these wereAn actual log this was a detailed/brief account of what happened nimble Reactions to situation/activityA Rear View looking back at what significant outcomes would I take away from event/activity, what lessons were learnt and if anything could have been done differently looking ahead for the futureOne of the most significant of critical incidents logged (courtesy of Gallagher (2010)) during our group activity within the period of this module was recording in short that I had left my band behind on the day we were supposed to be selling cupcakes at university and only realising it 15 minutes after loss the house on my way to pick up the cakes from a group members house. My immediate reaction was one in rational non-panic mode with less stirred attachment to the situation I assessed the fact that it was not at all imperative to have my as opposed to the imperativeness attached to actually having cupcakes for sale, being on time to secure a good spot and to allow enough time to plan ahead on the day to make sure enough everything was in order running smoothly than rushing into things with less thought traits usually associated with lateness. So I decided not to go back for it and proceeded to my computer address which was to a team-members house to pick up the cupcakes. This of course complemented a philosophy style of learning, with the only contradiction being that if philosophers due think things through logically and prefer structure, then surely there should have been provisional scope made in my thoughts to make sure I did not leave my phone behind especially in an important occasion as our big day as far as our group activity was concerned where communication could play crucial roles for organisational and logistical purposes. The counter argument to this would perhaps be acknowle dging the fact that no man is perfect not even the best of philosophers not to mention a mere student and besides, surely not all group members would forget their phones so in such terms this was not a deal breaking error that would seal ones fate, but was easily absorbable and offset by other more superseding factors. In the looking back section of this log, lessons learnt was to go that extra mile to prepare a little bit more perhaps by making a shortlist of essentials and to dos and mark out each one and I go along this ensures all bases are covered in events leading to a big day/event/activity/occasion/meeting and so on. This is something I could do differently in the future in any role applicable. Overall, I rated my performance and confidence in this critical incident as 4.PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNINGSubject to necessary changes a personal development plan (PDP) is most relevant to train driven job/role as highlighted by Honey and Mumford (1992) and is usually utilised for unexpected opportunities and/or weaknesses. To monitor ad record progress, a PDP also identifies areas in need of improvement. Set criteria/targets are usually individualistic and unique to individual performance. Overleaf is a copy of one among PDPs made during module, but this draw reference to the group activityWhat I am going to doOpen the sales of cupcakes by picking up cakes, setting up give-up the ghost and begin selling the cakes and the documented accounting for salesWhy I am going to do thisMy personal contribution as s a group member in an attempt to achieve success a goal that unifies all group members as we are all in this unneuroticHow I am going to do thisPlan ahead, through structured and logical manner, logical and rational reasoning over the logistics involved with the delivering of the above target. set sure estimated time of arrival is early, cakes are ready for pick up on time, use selling, numeric and bilingual skills to the best of my ability to close as m any sales as possibleWhen I am going to do thisOn the 21/03/11When I will review the results /how I will know I was successfulPost 21/03/11Courtesy of Honey and Mumford (2006)Quite similar to a learning log to the extent that it extracts from ones learning log and appraisal documents, but perhaps more challenging, target driven and development orientated. A PDP would usually include dates, event/activity, achievement/results, edition of achievement/results against a benchmark, lessons learnt and any possible room for improvement or what could be done differently is under-achieving.OTHER RELEVANT MODELSVAKLeite et al. (2009) highlights one of the most renowned classifications of the different kinds of learning styles is Flemings VAK also known as VARK which is an expanded version of neuro-linguistic programming models. As an abbreviation the VAK stands forVisual learners prefer seeing/thinking things through pictures, handouts, visual aids like PowerPoint slides and so on.Auditory l earners prefer learning by listening via lectures, tapes, discussions and so on.Kinesthetic learners prefer learning by experience actually doing on a physical dimension be it experiments, moving, touching, and active exploration to name a few (Walter et al., 2009).Upon taking the VAK survey, Visual learning was revealed as my preferred learning style and my goal thereon was to focus on visual aids as a main source of learning in order to maximise my educational experience. However, to avoid getting too carried away with this model, it is hard not to recognise the fact that all three styles within VAK are required for effective learning in the pursuit of knowledge and experience as they are inter-related/-dependent and used more often than not interchangeably. Although it supplemented my other identified styles of learning (reflector/theorists/philosophy), my preference for visual aid for instance as a visual learner would still require listening when benefitting from a PowerPoint p resentation being presented by a lecturer unless one was deaf or chose to cover their ears and kinaesthetic element involved would be efforts and energy required to access it in the first place be it using a computer/laptop, jotting down notes or taking a walk into the classroom again unless one was immobile or chose to be stationary. Emphasising this fact of objective criticism is the mere fact that losing any one of the imperative senses directly associate specifically with anyone of VAK classifications would equate to having a learning disability irrespective of what type of learner/learning preferences one is/has.BELBIN TEAM ROLESSource XenerGie (no date)The above illustration outlines the nine different main team roles that people are scored on depending on how strongly they express behavioural characteristics of the nine roles, which are more or less self explanatory. The overall assessment process involved to derive such results is known as the Belbin Team Inventory or Belbi n Self-Perception Inventory (SPI), which was instigated by Belbin (1981 1994) to measure preference for the main roles. My SPI results indicated that my most natural roles (where I scored exceptionally high) were asA pose severalized by Belbin (1981 1994) as someone with bright ideas who prefers to work on his or her own and generates ideas without considering the practicality or considering others views and can be bored easily by others excitants. Plants are also set forth as weak at communicating with, learning from, or managing, other people.A Monitor Evaluator Excellent in reasoning for solutions, views from a wider perspective when all options are considered, but similar to plants weaker at motivating, acknowledging, or facilitating others as rationality is favoured over emotions.A Completer Finisher Possesses depth to efficiently assist a team to see task(s) through but with study emphasis on accuracy and perfection which can frustrate other practically minded members. Me mbers feel safe by him although there still trunk a tendency to annoy due to perfectionism characteristics.My results in totality with key for decipher and interpretation purposes are illustrated belowCourtesy of Belbin (1981 1994)IM ImplementerCOCo-ordinatorSHShaperPLPlantRIResource InstigatorMEMonitor EvaluatorTWTeam WorkerCFCompleter FinisherVery Low0-50-30-30-10-20-20-30-1Low6-84-54-62-333-44-52-3Mid-Range9-126-97-144-74-75-96-104-8 superior13-1510-1315-188-98-1010-1111-139-10Very High16+14+19+10+11+12+14+11+Courtesy of Belbin (1981 1994)BELBIN SELF PERCEPTION INVENTORY EXERCISE DT360From the results shown above, it is clear that exacting coordinating and team worker roles are best avoided as I had very low scores on them, although on average I am capable of assuming shaper and resource instigator roles with relative ease.Some may argue that a more objective and rational method of executing this model would have been to rank each statement in order of preference with the hi ghest rank being made on a statement that best described ones behaviour/ disposition rather than being confined to 10 points where it is inevitable that some statements would be unaccounted for even though one may have a degree of response for them. Surely it would be fairer in distribution and unbiased if all statements were accounted for to some degree, although keeping the key hidden among the statements and not revealed until ones completed the survey does account to an extent for objectivity. The model can also seem quite daunting and complicated for crack upicipants with poor numeric skills (as a total of 10 points has to be maintained for each number), to the extent that they may be easily confused, put off or end up providing a false reflection due to inaccuracies or poor calculations. Additionally, the fact that Belbin (1981 1994) defines an ideal team as consisting of 4 members and anything over this constitutes of a group. This implies that the model is best applicable to teams than groups, but in practicality teams in the workplace and in most cases than not are usually exceeding 4 members. The contradiction of this is that the total number of team roles being tried and true are 9 (far excessive than 4), although one may argue that depending on the overall goal/objective/activity/event at hand, it may not be an imperative to have all 9 roles present in your team, but perhaps the best/most suitable 4 selections from the 9 that would best serve the overall task at hand.JOHARI WINDOWInitiated by Luft and Ingham (1955), a Johari Window is usually used as a heuristic activity in an attempt to assist people to comprehend interpersonal relationships and communication much better and is seen as a cognitive psychological tool. In terms of input and facilitation, in comparison to the other models aforementioned, this model tends to be less individualist and more interactive (imperatively requiring others input).As revealed by Luft (1969), in practice, a l ist of 56 adjectives is provided (to both the subject and peers) and utilised by both in the same way but independently input (picking 5 or 6 adjectives), to describe the subjects personality, which are then sieved and mapped onto a grid similar to the one found below (relevant to myself and completed for this module)2. BLIND SELFWarmSympatheticWarm regalSelf-consciousOPEN SELFHappyKindNervousAdaptableFriendlyKnown to self Not known to selfKnown to others3. incomprehensible SELFReflectiveObservantLogicalAdaptableOrganised4. HIDDEN SELFComplexIndependentLovingModestDignifiedNot known to othersHandy (2000) describes this concept as a house with 4 rooms moving in a clockwise directionRoom 1 represents traits of my personality that I share in common with peers in terms of awareness. These adjectives were selected by both me and peers.Room 2 represents traits of my personality that I am unaware of, but revealed by peers. These descriptions were selected by my peers only without my input .Room 3 represents traits of my personality that were oblivious to both me and my peers. These were in effect selected by the other aforementioned models revelations and indications these adjectives that best described my found learning preferences/styles. Handy (2000) describes this room as the most mysterious where the unconscious or subconscious part of us noticed by incomplete ourselves nor others.Room 4 described as confidential the part of us known only to us and not others. These adjectives were selected by only me.The limitation with this windowpane is that the number of adjectives does not always tally with what is required and an uneven distribution of selections would have to be made more often than not which may deflower findings to an extent in terms of bias. However, this only tends to be an issue if a requirement is made to ensure an even distribution of adjectives across all 4 rooms is achieved. There is nothing to suggest in the theory that an uneven distribution across the rooms is unacceptable or invalid, rather the main emphasis is actually only made on an even independent selection of adjectives between subjects and peers. The problem with this is, if I did not select any adjective that matched my peers selection, would take to be room 1 would remain empty. There is also some ambiguity on the frequency of selection required for each participant is it confined to once or are multiple frequencies of selection allowed to offset such limitation?CONCLUSIONPLANNINGThis was part of the group activity that I enjoyed the most and quite rightly so as indicated by the learning cycle/preferences models. I was proactively involved in this part of the session and my confidence in doing so was by and large thanks to completing most of the learning style/preferences models in precedence to the actual activity. I made the most of knowing where my learning preferences, strengths and skills lay by maximising my potential input/contribution to the group ac tivity. Demonstrating traits of a reflector, theorist, plant, monitor evaluator, completer finisher, in a visually orientated dimension meant this role and stage of activity was performed naturally. One of my most productive and influential contributions at this stage of the activity was the highly imaginative idea to suggest that we considered raising money for charity as this seemed feasible under the circumstances considering our limited resources in terms of lack of funding (a concession from which the idea to submit a funding request caulescent from although this attempt ultimately proved futile), and limited capacity to produce a lucrative venture under such confinements such as limited timeframes and manpower. deciding on actually which charity (in this case red nose) to support/represent came from another team member. I must admit that I did not pay back much interest or attention on the ins and outs involved in seeing through, although I was quite passionate about the ide a. Moving forward perhaps I should develop my pragmatism on this aspect a bit further in order to be more specialised on active experience.IMPLEMENTATIONIt is obvious that this was not my strongest point and as opposed to the brainstorming phase of the activity, I was not too much involved in this part of the procedure. My main input in this stage of the process was merely driving to picking up the cakes from a group members house (who happened to be more involved with liaising with the producer and negotiating on a price) setting up the stalls and a passive participation in selling on the day of sale. During this time I was better at observing spanners at work, how they work and generating ideas from gone wells and not gone wells. I was more committed to tracking our progress on sales projecting sales based on current sales ad how long we may be expected go on for. It was my idea that we always made sure we had spare change available, which required for each of us to bring coins a long on the day. This highlighted preferred passion for the evaluation sides of things as similarly expressed for the planning stages. There is a lot that I have learnt from the implementation process and there is also a lot more to learn provided I am more involved in this stage, the realisation that theories do not always work in reality for instance would more easily verifiable and assessable.EVALUATIONI did enjoy the evaluation stage other than the aspects of implementation involved in this process. My evaluation skills contributed toward the drive that was derived from projected findings on sales that led to us completing sales three hours ahead of schedule whilst generating a healthy profit of 64.5% and a total contribution of pou

The Dual Career Family And Malaysia Sociology Essay

The Dual C areer Family And Malaysia Sociology EssayFamily is considering as adept of the important units in the social systems which create a beau monde. As a sub-system of company, the roles and functions of family are similar with other systems in edict such as religion, frugal, political, and social and education. All these systems are applied to to each one societies or countries in dictate to arrest a well- world life among people.In Malaysia, the established of Ministry of Wo hands, Family and Community Develop ment on 27 March 2004 has fork upn that Malayan government has put an aid to the family matters seriously. Malaysia government moots, this rustic is built based on the harmonious of family knowledgeableness and the strength of multi-racial clubhouse. Thus, if both of these could be achieved, Malaysian society ordain live in a well-being. Under this ministry, in that respect is one agency called National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN) w hich start been accountable to argue all the related matters of family in Malaysia (http//www.kpwkm.gov.my).National Family Plan which proposed under Ninth Malaysia Plan Policy (1991-2010) have been submitted to Cabinet for approval as an action broadcast to strengthen family institution and to make sure this institution remain strong and prosperous family. One of the aim of National Family Plan is to make a intelligibly statement to Malaysian society about the importance of formation the family institution.From my opinion, this aim has to be imply because of the idea of the traditional family has been changed when Malaysia enters the twenty-first century and itself has pass away a modern country nowadays. The modernization process has affected the family structure, functions, roles, relationships and others among the family members. The trend perspective of Malaysian society now on family has changed due to the lifestyles which focuses on aspects of higher education, watch a c areer, freedom, divorce, and delaying married or decided non to marry peculiarly for women.Therefore, populacey issues can be arises when women gained tremendous achievement in their life especially in education and labour force. The issues might give an impact on future whether in positive or veto aspects. For instance, higher educational progress has increased womens income generating capacity and was linked to reductions in maternal and child mortality. Moreover, educated girls were more likely to delay wedding ceremony and childbearing instead in establish to improve their financial or education towards higher level. For women who married, their participation in the labour force made themselves burden with plow, childcare and crime syndicate duties. Thus, this trend of lifestyles has caused the way out of dual-career family in Malaysia. Now, the dual-career family who both spouses are maintaining separate careers and contribute to the financial success of the househol d has become common place. Thus, dual career families are a realism for society today.Due to that, my interest is doing a research regarding to women issues in Malaysia focusing on family institution in Malays society specially on dual-career family. I believe that there will have an issue on dual-career family especially towards social function of family in human capital in Malaysia as a develop country when both spouses have education and participate in labour force. In telephone line with vision and mission of the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, I assume they do not just want to attain gender equality but besides to develop harmonious and to strengthen family institution towards mainstream national development and at the same time increased communal and social harmony. In view of this, I realize that if I do a research in family institution, perhaps it will be a valuable report in contributing towards pull ining about women and family as well.The Mala ys in MalaysiaMalaysian population has been divided into Malaysia citizen and Non-Malaysian citizens. They were estimated at 28,457.6 million and contributed to density of Malaysian population in 2009. Of that, 2,069.2 million are Non-Malaysian citizens and 26, 38.4 million are known as Malaysian citizens. Bumiputera1are made up at 17,640.8 people who encompass Malays as predominantly with 14,494.9 million and other bumiputera are 3,145.9 million. Other groups include the Chinese 6, 45.5 million, Indians 1,946.8 million and others 342.3 million. Furthermore, the population estimates by call down also dominated by Bumiputera at 8,902.1 million in 2009. Malays were the highest population in both sexes with 7, 316.0 million for male and female at 7,178.9 million, followed by Chinese at 3,292.5 million for male and 3,165.9 million for female. In contrast, the number of female was higher than male for Indians and others. Meanwhile, the figure for Non-Malaysian citizens was also male out numbered with 1,145.8 million and for female at 923.4 million (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2009).By legal definition, Article 160 Clause 2 provides that Malays means a person professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay system and was before Independent Day born in the fusion or in Singapore or born of parents one of whom was born in the Federation or in Singapore, or is on that day domiciled in the Federation or in Singapore oris the issue of such a person. (Constitution of Malaysia (n.d.).pp 131) base on this article, definition of Malays referred to three fundamental characteristics namely Malay language usage, Moslem religion and customary practice which also known asadat2(custom). Therefore, Malay is an psyche from any Malay race such as Javanese, Minangkabau, Bugis or Atjehnese (Ong, 1990) and all Malays are understood as Muslims. According to Kling (1995), adat (custom) in Malay society have been influenced in heathenish elements by a few great civilizations such as from India, China, Arabia and Western. These cultural elements were inedible, therefore, had been adapted and integrated with Malay cultural. However, the integration amongst local condition and historical interactions of adat (custom) especially with Islam has shaped the way of Malays life in all aspects. Although the process of Islamization had occurred among Malay society, the cultural elements were still remained and these were called as adat. This adat has been categorize as non- Moslem because it was not come from Islamic religion.Adat was reinterpreted to mean the distinctive and traditional cultural configuration of society as differentiated from purely Islamic elements( Kling. 1995 46).Therefore, Islamic religion and adat were accepted as basic of beliefs, ideologies and practices in Malay society. Both Islam and adat have become an important principles to organize Malays in undergo all aspects of their periodic life as an individual and a society. The reflection of Islamic religion and adat can be seen when it has been practiced by Malays such as in politic, economic and social.The Concept of Family and Dual-Career FamilyThe term of family have been proposed in many definitions which are in line with flux and variation on the ideas of what is a family. For instance, groups of people that live unneurotic such as adoptive families, cohabiting couples, single-families, step-families, homosexual families, homosexual couples or groups of people who live in concert in one house without biological syndicateship affiliation has been depicted as a family nowadays. Most importantly, the images of families have obviously changed from traditional to modern understanding when many flakes and structures of the families appeared (Bogenshneider Corbett, 2004).The foregoing statement, from my point of view is in line with Jackson (2008). She claims that the variety of definition of family and the changes of fam ily life in early twenty-first century have drew a huge attention among scholars to discuss these topics. Indeed, she also stated that many reasons have been evoked to address the word family and most of the reasons were more likely saying the word family is unstable, diversity and fluidity. All these consequences were pertinent with society who has already accepted the inclined of divorce rates, the decreased of marriage rates, or homosexual relationships as an alternative lifestyles. These were a saucy form of family which have been agree in general and in relation with the changes of women and men roles.The term of family is not easy to be specify because of different definitions exist by societies within countries. Therefore, to understand the definitions of family given by any individual or society, they prevalent posted their definition connected with their own cultural, tradition, religion and social surroundings (Flandrin, 1979 Trost, 1990). For example, sociologist used the cultural atmosphere to define the images of families from their perspective before elucidate them precisely using sociological theories (Gubrium Holstein, 1990 Cheal, 2002). Therefore, the emergence of these groups made the definition of family and its concept become heated confer and wide discussion among scholars. However, none of the term of family has been agreed as complete agreement, despite, lots of approaches and arguments need to be considered in defining so that the term of family not merely confine for a single explanation (Worsley, 1977 Elliot, 1986 Cheal, 2002). Thus, understanding the definitions of family in its political context is seemingly vital according to the ideological concept.According to U.S toilet table of the Census (2000a), definition of family is referred to a group of people that consist more than two persons who lived in concert in a house and be bounded one another by blood, marriage or adoption. Elliot (1986) notes that family has formed base d on a marriage betwixt man and woman and they have consolidated with their children as unity in a house. They are being responsible to each other in giving love, support and care in like manner has a humdrum identity. A family also can be defined as people who remain living together in a group. They have close relationships and will form generations based on kinship (Cheal, 1988).Another definition of family ascribe that family can be formed when the household constitute couples who are live together without married and those who are single-parents and having children (Gullota et al. 1986). Furthermore, Coleman Cressy (1999) defined family as a group of people by marriage, ancestry or adoption who live together in a common household.Defining a word of family also referred to structures of families either a atomic family or an wide family. A definition given by Cheal (2002) describes the nuclear family consists a man and woman who got married legally and live together with thei r children in a house. He therefore claims that this family structure can be called as a basic unit of household production, such as food preparation.There are also definitions that differentiate the word the family and the household. From my point of view, these two delivery have been foreseen had a similar explanation in spite of both of these address have been given different importee by writers. The connotation of these words always related with a meat of a group of people that live together in a same place. Due to this, Ball (1974) defines the household as groups of people that have been tied to live together in a place and them also known as a spatial group. However, families are referred to people who lived together in a place as groups. They are connected to each other by blood and marriage and these groups called a kin group.In Malay language, term family is called keluarga. From my point of view, definition of family in Malay language is different from western perspecti ves. Understanding the word keluarga has to be related with the meaning from context of Islam and adat (custom). Therefore, keluarga consists groups of husband and wife, grandfather and grandmother, siblings and their children, auntie and uncle and their children who then knowing as close relatives and distant relatives. They are bond with variety of responsibilities, social functioning, unity of fair play and others. Those are included in these groups constitute with a division of the inheritance of Muslims called Faraid Law System (Ruzita, 2000). Due to this definition, Mahmud (1997) states that keluarga is referring to extended family where this family is a unit social and individual who relate in this unit have a relationship known as kinship.Elsaie (2004) points out that family is a group of human social and they are ties together as members by blood and marriage. Their relationships are pertinent not merely mutual expectation but also mutual commitments. These include rights , obligation, identity and provision, love, caring, delight in the eldest, security and others. All these are proposed by religion, enforced by law and observed by the group members. In addition, many of Quran verses stated that marriage is encounter with moral security, social commitment and religion obligations. For instance, one verse from Quran statedAnd among his signs is this He created for you spouses from yourselves that you might find rest in them, and He ordained between you love and mercy. (30-21)Therefore, in my opinion, there were many definitions and descriptions of the term of family given by scholars. It is noteworthy to make clear that the term of family have been defined differently between the western and the Malays perspective. This is more likely because of the differences in cultural and political context likewise the historical background. For Malays, the family are formed between man and women who legally married and they accepted single-parents family. They rejected the definition of family which is referring to cohabitation families and homosexual families. However, for west people, the definition of family is referring to all types of family either by married couples, cohabitation couples or homosexual couples. yet of the definitions of families are often changed and became a fluidity context in sociology discussions, Silva and Smart (1999) claim that the basic functions of family are inevitably and still remained like in traditional perspectives. For instance, family members were applying the basic functions of family such as becoming supporter to one another physically, emotional and spiritual. Therefore, compared to the past, some of sociologist, policy analyst and service professions staffs were more essay on family functions rather than family structures while discussing about family is what people in family supposedly do as familys members (Bala, 1994).In Malay society, there are ties between adat (custom) and Islamic law tha t in relation to family functions. According to adat (custom), women were given the responsibilities of domestic chores such as child-birth, child-rearing and cooking, or maintaining relationships within kinship and neighbours. Despite these roles of women in Malay society were defined by adat (custom), the definition of the roles were still connected with men under Islamic construction (Laderman, 1983). Therefore, under Islamic law, for men, their identity were referring to their ability such as preparing sons to become autonomous head of household in future, controlling the sexuality of wives and daughters and providing economic sources for household (Ong, 1990).Nevertheless, structures of family, functional of family and family relationship in close each country throughout the world had changed due to modernization since 1960s. Modernization has caused tremendous changes in economic system particularly on the growth of economy which then wittingly and unwittingly has also affec ting other systems in society and country. Most importantly and surprisingly, these enormous effects can be seen when the number of women entering paying labour force has increased due to lots of opportunities has been given to women in education. The existence of these situations has changed the male and female relationships and the perceptions of the family. For instance, conjugal roles had changed distinctly therefore, dual-career families emerged. This has given a new image of family in modern atmosphere nowadays.Ropoport Ropoport (1971) were among the first researchers who have interested to study of dual-career family. Their study showed that the respondents of dual-career family have achieved success at various levels as dual-careerist in their employment. This research also has opened a new discussion subsequently among researchers who previously more interested to concentrate on doing research about single-earner household.Dual-career family have been defined by Ropoport Ropoport (1971) as a family who comprises both husband and wife as heads of household. Both of the spouses will sustain as a family and live together besides pursue their career simultaneously. They also explain that understanding the term of career is vital in order to differ between dual-career family with dual-earner family and dual-worker family. Therefore, social sciences has designated precisely the term of career as any jobs which need high commitments or any qualification. A developmental character will be undergone continuously in dual-career family to achieve their career attainment. This career enhancement was indispensable by them either to get the highest hierarchy in jobs promotion or in order to become expert in their field.Compared to dual-career family, those couples from dual-worker family and dual-earner family especially women will be involved in working environment merely for economic reasons and not for personal achievements or commitments. They involved in lo ts of works that bringing profit for them. In addition, comparing this situation with dual-career family, women who came from dual-earner family or dual-worker family are still facing with burdens and stress or negative impacts as a mother and a wife (Ibid).In Malaysia, there is no definition of dual-career family in Malay language. What I had found was all researchers in Malaysia were using the meanings that given by western scholars referring to dual-career family. In some research, I sometimes realize that they also referred dual-career family and dual-earner family or dual-worker family like having a similar meaning (this can be proved in sub topic previous research of dual career family).However, due to this, to understanding the concept of family and dual-career family are needed so that I can limit my research subject. My research subject is focusing on Malay dual-career family either they are nuclear family or extended family. They also need to fulfil the meaning of family f rom Islam and adat (custom) definitions.Previous Research of Dual-Career FamilyThe phrase of sphere of generativity by Daniel Weingarten (1984) explained that family and work entail two impacts which considered as complimentary, contradictory, or a combination of both. From my point of view, modernization has introduced new images of family whereby related with reasons, effects or ideas about dual-career family which can be found in several of research. As such, dual-career family emerged when women and men entering the paid labour force and this happened within countries and families. Thus, discussion on family and work has been increased especially when women participated in labour division. A number of studies have been done on family and work where the focus of the studies were more on the implications of women participation in the paid labour force and how it linked and affected their roles in families compared to men. almost majority of research done on work and family have i dentified the conflict between the responsibilities of family role and work role (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985). For instance, previous studies state that there were probability of conflict between work and leisure (Staines OConnor, 1980) and between work and self (Holahan Gilberst, 1979a, 1979b).Nock (1987) notes that womens struggle in the last few decades has influenced the idea of women rejecting being a mother or giving priority to the family. Their focuses have immensely changed towards life attainment such as in education, work and become independent person. Therefore, when women entering labor force, both husbands and wives are going to work and have their own career. Consequently, the numbers of dual-career families have enhanced dramatically when women preparing themselves adequately in order to engage with their careers and, this would allow them to be in the world of labour force (Inglehart, 1979).Goldscheider Waite (1991) assert that traditional roles between husbands an d wives have changed nowadays. Traditionally, assumption that men as a breadwinner and women as a homemaker are being accepted by all societies. Nonetheless, the assumption has eroded when women also play vital roles in contributing to economy of family. These changes perpetuated division of roles in family system and it has also given an enormous impact on the conjugal roles.Benokraitis (1996) discovers a few impacts exist in the family of dual-worker couples. For example, this type of family has affected the quality of marriage, responsibilities among family members, and children well-being.A study done by Cherlin (1992) indicates that living separated with spouse and divorces are more likely to be happened when women involving in the net income labour force particularly if a wife has a higher salary than a husband. Women also found themselves more independent and less relies on husbands in their life.Not surprisingly, working women often took either unpaid work or work as part-t ime compared to men if the family have infants because of understanding that women were wives and mothers at home. Due to this, they will still be the person who responsible to their children notwithstanding they are involved in labour force. Men were rarely to do likewise as Lewis (2001) states that this happened because of career setbacks or VanEvery (1995) claims because of a commitment to anti sexist living arrangements.It is generally accepted that modernisation had increased cost of living to the households particularly in big cities and towns. Due to this, families must have a great income to fulfil familys needs. Thus, it seem to be seen that the number of working wives have increased in order to help their husband. Study by (Lewis, 1995b) illustrates that by entering the paid work labour showed that womens contribution to the household was 55 percent in Filipina. The reason they go for work and earn more money is to make sure that their children will have sufficient life.Fa cing a role conflict by women in dual-career families were often occurs especially when they have to make decisions whether to be a wife or a mother or an employee who pursuing her career. With these multi-tasking responsibilities and overloaded roles, women almost had a great stress. In contrast, men in dual-career families were less burden and stress compared to women. With these multi-tasking responsibilities and over loaded roles, women almost had a great stress. In contrast, men in dual-career families were less burden and stress compared to women. Nevertheless, the conflict that they faced is the lack of nurturing which means they did not get intimate relationships from their wives (Carter Carter, 1995).Study done by Galinsky etal (1993) show that 83% of working mothers and 72% of working fathers were experiencing conflict between handling their job and family issues. Another study reported that new division of labour between men and women emerged and had eroded the traditio nal division when both working spouses manage their work and family. Husbands or fathers were more likely involved in the family while wives or mothers were struggled with their job demands and limited roles (Michelson, 1983 Pleck,, 1979).Habsah Roziah (2003) stated that their study on Malay working women in Shah Alam has shown clearly how these Malay women were still trying to fulfil their responsibilities at work place and home. Only few of them said that they can managed both roles simultaneously while others found that they will just can successful either at work place or at home if they gave less attention on one of them. They also faced tremendous challenges for the child-rearing in urban compass particularly when both of them are working. Finding of this research also found father or husband were seemed to help their wife such as play with children, doing groceries shopping, sending and fetching children from school rather than involved in domestic chores like washing or c ooking.According to the research done by Fatimah (1994), it would be true to say that form middle middle-class Malay households view, conducting and managing the household are still under women responsibilities though they are working. Hochschild (1989) points out men do not share the raising on their children and the caring of the children and the caring of their homes.A part of that, commuter marriage also can be said as one of marriage that emerged because of dual-career family. Both spouses have to live separately from each other for long times because of the career commitments at elsewhere. The reasons of these commitments and living apart notwithstanding still referred them as family (Gertsel Gross, 1984 Newman Grauerholz, 2002, Lesthaeghe, 1995).Therefore, from the previous research done by researchers showed that there were problems, reasons and ideas arose when they discussed about dual-career family. Many of these research saying that the emergence of dual-career familie s have affected the family institution itself in various aspects. Mostly, the researches more focused on how women deal with challenges and difficulties when they have two roles which are under their responsibilities. Due to this, dual-career family is a topic that drew my attention to do a further study on it by looking at Malay dual-career family. With a new model of framework, I believe that this topic will expand and enhance existing literature frame with suggestion in dual-career family.

Personal experience of God

Personal fellowship of idol1. Describe your personal experience of deity and the disposition of beau ideal you derived from biblical, theological, and historical sources. by dint of come out history, slew developed the idea of a higher being, who is referred to as god in general. around plurality simply renounce the human race of god or any opposite spiritual being. And other people who accredited the existence of god explained the identity of god in various ways. Deism sees the cosmos as a closed system with its maker outside it so denies immortals direct control of upshots and his miraculous intrusions into this sphere. Pantheism recognizes no creator-zoology distinction, but sees everything, including respectable and detestation, as a direct organise of matinee idol. deliverymanianity joins with the Jewish and the Muslim beliefs in proclaiming radical monotheism, which states that divinity is One and that God is the God of wholly. Distinctive to deliverym anian theism is the depression that the personal creator is as unfeignedly three as he is cardinal. God is a single being who exists, simultaneously and etern exclusivelyy, as a communion of three persons develop, the discussion, and the blessed Spirit. The three Godhead argon eternal which room they coexist from past by dint of future. In Matthews account of christs baptism, as deliverer the Son went up from the water, the Spirit of God descended upon Him as a dove and the Father testified from the heaven of His beloved Son (Mt 316-17). This scene clearly portrays the simultaneous existence of the Father, the Son, and the Spirit.The Christian sagaciousness of God is specific in that Christians believe that God has been, and continues to be, historically involved with the people of Israel and has made a new covenant with all people in deliveryman Christ. In other words, we believe that the ledgers of the Old and New Testaments bear construe to Gods active love for crea tion as revealed in Jesus of Nazareth.God revealed himself by dint of various channels including the Scripture, experiences and nature. Although there are umteen ways in which God reveals Gods self, the best place to find out about God is through the Scripture that God gave us. In the book of Exodus, I personally found Gods character and the qualities that are ascribed to him. Exodus 37-8 says that The lord state, I have indeed seen the misery of my people in Egypt. I have heard them crying out because of their slave drivers, and I am relate about their suffering. So I have come down to rescue them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land into a good and wide of the mark land, a land flowing with milk and honeythe home of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. (NIV)These are the words that God said to Moses from the burning bush. I believe that in this communication with Moses, God revealed who he was. God whom I belie ve in is the God who has seen the misery of his people, heard them crying out and has been concerned about their suffering. In another translation, it is said that God knew their suffering (NRSV). In the context of this chapter, my people indicate Israel people in Egypt. Israel people at that cartridge holder in Egypt were slaves under the Pharaoh. They were ignored people in bondage to the Egyptians. in that respect must have been other nations considered much higher and nobler than the Israelites but the bible said that God who is the creator of the whole human race saw slaves with his own eyes and heard them crying out.Hebrew word for to know in Exodus 38 is yada yaw-dah and it implies to know by experience (Bible Work 7). In other words, God who created the whole populace attentively observed and listened to slaves who were disregarded in this world and he knew of their suffering by experience. The God whom I believe in is not one who just sits on a throne in heaven and is not concerned about what happens in this world. But God in Christianity is the God who knows his people and has a close relationship with them.Exodus story indicates that God is purposeful, powerful, and sove curb in relation to this world. He has a plan for the history of the universe, which is to save his people from sins, and in executing it he governs and controls all created world. He is all powerful so he stinkpotnot be bound by any of the limitations of space or time that apply to us and he is always present everywhere.Personally, God has been there in many forms for me. All of these attributes can be found in many parts of my personal experience with God. I have experienced God of Immanuel, who has been with me always. Jesus came to this world as Immanuel (Mt. 123) and his last words before he ascended into heaven was in any case Immanuel, I am with you always, to the very end of the age (Mt. 2820). When I decided to go to seminary in Korea to be a pastor, I rejoiced in c onfidence because God was there with me. When I went to Korean Army, I endured the difficult time because God was there with me. When I came to America alone for further study, I did not fear to live in a strange land because God was there with me always. Throughout my emotional state, the one thing that I am sure is that God has been always with me and loves me, who am the weakest among all.2. What is your understanding of evil as it exists in the world?First of all, as Augustine said in his article, On the nature of good, I believe that God is good and every creation is good (Augustine, Chapter 34). And every pecker came to exist by God without exception. Then how do we explain the ancestor of evil from the perfect good Creator? In regard to the matter of the origin of evil, I am of the same opinion with Augustine.Evil is lack of some good things. As it throws a shadow over us when we turn against the Sun, evil originate from a lack of goodness of God.I believe that God is the perfect Creator. One of the perfect things God created was man. Adam and Eve who were the perfect creature of God had a choice to follow God or to go against God. Without free impart to choose, neither good nor evil could have been chosen. If man is ever to choose good, he must have the emancipation to choose evil as well. Therefore, God did not create evil but perfect freedom to choose and human freely chose evil. After Adam and Eve chose to disobey God, evil became a honesty in this world.In his Book, the City of God, Augustine recognized that evil in this world and goodness of Gods realm co-exist on the earth throughout its history. However, Augustine believed that God would finally turn evil in this world into goodness of Gods Kingdom (Augustine, Chapter 13.4). By the original sin, I believe, all of us fell down from the anatomy of God and evil came to prevail in us. However God also prepared the way through which we can be restored to Gods Image and be saved from our sins. The only way of salvation is Jesus Christ.3. What is your understanding of humanity, and the human urgency for divine grace?On the last day of creation, God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness (Gen. 126). The image of God refers to the immaterial part of man. We were created to be set apart for God (Gen 128). He enabled us to commune with God. We were created in likeness mentally, morally, and socially. When we were created in Gods image, we were intend to perplex Gods agent so that we can pursue care of the world (Gen. 126,28).However, Adam and Eve sinned by disobeying God. And they became alienated from the Creator. That historic event brought all mankind under divine condemnation. Human nature became corrupt, and therefore, totally unable to please God. Before Adam and Eve sinned, they both(prenominal) had direct contact and fellowship with God. But as a result of transgressing against God, Adam and Eve lost it all. They were both banished out of the garde n, God pronounced a curse on them and their posterity and on the earth in general. Death entered into the big picture and all of us are born into this world with sinful nature.In his love and grace, God made a plan to save us. In Ephesians 24-7, Apostle Paul tells us that God made us alive with Christ even when we were perfectly in transgressions. We cannot overcome our sinful nature and death but, through Jesus Christ, God had already made provision for us to be saved. By assurance through grace, we can be saved (Eph. 28-9). Jesus Christ is the grace of God who showed us the way of salvation. By dying on the cross, Jesus paid the full and complete price for our sins so that we do not have to pay for it. The only way of salvation is by belief through Jesus Christ. And even the organized religion we have comes from God. Thus our salvation is entirely the work of God. Whoever believes in Jesus Christ get out be saved by the grace of God.4. How do you interpret the statement Jesus Christ is Lord?Jesus is our Lords human and personal name, meaning deliverer. Christ is our Lords official title. It is the Greek synonym for the Hebrew Messiah, meaning the Anointed One.The statement Jesus Christ is Lord implies the belief that Jesus who was born of the Virgin bloody shame is our savior who redeems us from our sins. In other words, to accept Jesus Christ as Lord means to accept two natures in Jesus Christ the nature of divinity and the nature humanity. Jesus Christ is fully human and fully God at the same time. Existence of these two different natures in Jesus Christ is crucial because that matters to salvation.The article of belief of the virgin deport is very important (Isaiah 714, Matthew 123, Luke 127, 34). Jesus birth was the result of the sanctum Spirit wor top executive inwardly Marys body. Mary was a vessel God used to perform the miracle of the Incarnation. Denying a physical connection between Mary and Jesus would imply that Jesus was not truly human. Scripture teaches us that Jesus was fully human with a physical body like ours. Jesus was fully God as well as he is fully human with an eternal and sinless nature (John 114, Acts 2028, Hebrews 214-17). Jesus was not born with sinful nature. The virgin birth circumvented the trans missionary post of the sinful nature and allowed the eternal God to become a perfect man.The deity of Christ is the central belief of Christianity as well as Jesus humanity. The bible clearly claimed that Jesus had the right to forgive sins, which is something only God can do (Mark 25-7, Acts 531, Colossians 313). Jesus was also said to be the one who will judge the living and the dead (2 Timothy 41) as an ultimate judge of this world. Apostle Paul called Jesus massive God and Savior (Titus 213), and pointed out Jesus existence in the form of God prior to his incarnation (Philippians 25-8). In John 11, deity of Christ is clarified as the same God with Father, in the beginning was the Word, and the Word w as with God, and the Word was God (John 11). John here affirms both the deity of Christ and the Trinity. Jesus is God who incarnated in human flesh, the living Word of God.5. What is your conception of the activity of the Holy Spirit in personal faith, in the community of believers, and in responsible living in the world?The Holy Spirit is the third person of the triune God. The Holy Spirit is God in the same way that the Father is God and the Son is God. Scripture and the church tradition, including Nicene Creed (We believe in the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified), indicates that the Holy Spirit, known also as the Spirit of God and the Spirit of Jesus Christ, is of the same essence as the Father and the Son.The Holy Spirit worked at the beginning of a church. Apostle Paul indicated an organism of a church as the Spirit baptised body of Christ (1 Cor. 1213). And the one who leads us to become a new cre ation in Christ through worship is the Spirit of God (Eph. 218, Phil. 33). Each topical anesthetic gathering is a part of this one universal believing community as a body of Christ, and as Christs agent the Holy Spirit leads and trace us to grow into Christlike maturity and fulfill Gods mission (Eph. 411-16).The Spirit also works in a heart of an individual believer. The Holy Spirit convicts lost people with respect to sin, righteousness, and judgment and by Gods power repentant and believing souls are saved. In sanctification, Holy Spirit indwells the Christian as one grows in the likeness of Christ and in his service. Scriptures tells us the Spirit who works throughout our journey of salvation. The Spirit leads us to repent our sins (John 167), makes us born again (John 33-5). And the Spirit empowers us to bring holiness in our life and helps us to bear fruits in our life (Galatians 522-23).6. What is your understanding of the kingdom of God the Resurrection eternal life?As the Psalmist confessed, Your Kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and your dominion endures through all generations (Ps. 14513), I believe that God is the king of his covenant people. And as Apostles Creed (from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead) and the Nicene Creed (He will come again in nimbus to judge the living and the dead) said, I believe that Christ will be our ultimate judge at the last day and God will harness over the whole world. As the Nicene Creed stated coming of Gods Kingdom (his kingdom will have no end), there must be the coming kingdom of God in the future in which Gods reign affects the whole world.However, the Kingdom of God is more than a vision of coming Gods reign in the future. The kingdom of God speaks of a present reality though not in entirety and a future result where the reign of God over all of creation will be perfected and made whole. In Luke 1720-21, Jesus responds to a Pharisee who asked when the kingdom of God would come, The kingd om of God does not come with your careful observation, nor will people say here it is or there it is because the kingdom of God is within you. As well as we experience coming of Gods reign over the world in the future, we will experience the Kingdom of God here and now although it is a foretastes of the fullness of Gods Kingdom.The resurrection of Christ on the third day after his crucifixion and his ascension to be with God until He comes again for the final time of judgment also label the path of all those who claim faith in Christ. At the time when the exhaustively News of Jesus Christ spreads to the whole nations, he will for sure come to the world again (Mt. 2414) from the heaven in a cloud with power and glory (1 Thessalonians 416). At that time people who accepted Jesus Christ as their savior will be risen from the dead (1 Thessalonians 415-16). Christs resurrection marked Christs victory over sin and death both physically and spiritually, we too as Christians who bear the marks of Christ gain the right to have the same victory both physically and spiritually.Eternal life is the end product of our resurrected souls. As the Apostles Creed (the life everlasting) and the Nicene Creed (the life of the world to come) insisted, I believe that those who have been saved by Christ will share the joy of eternal fellowship with Christ. Heaven means eternal joy in Christ and those who reject Christ will be judged to the eternal condemnation.7. Explain the role and significance of baptism in the ministry to which you have been called.Sacraments are acts instituted by Christ and administered by a church having an outward form and conveyancing Gods grace. Baptism is one of two United Wesleyan sacraments the other is the Lords Supper. These sacraments are means of grace within the covenant community. They are visible signs and seals of something internal and invisible and the means by which God works in us through the power of the Holy Spirit.The scriptural mode o f baptism is found in the New Testament. It records that Jesus was baptized by John (Mt. 313-17), and he commanded his aids to teach and baptize in the name of the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit (Mt. 2819). Whoever accepts Jesus Christ as their savior is eligible to be baptized. Baptism conveys Gods grace that redeems us from our sins through the atonement of Christ. Therefore, baptizing of a person, whether as an infant or an adult, is a sign of Gods saving grace. In baptism, we witness that Gods grace is poured upon everybody regardless of their condition.Even though baptism is the special channel through which we experience Gods grace of the atonement of Christ, baptism does not guarantee our salvation. As John Wesley insisted in his sermon, Scripture Way of Salvation, salvation is a lifelong process of responding to Gods grace. By being baptized, we become a covenant people of God who have a promise that the Holy Spirit will work in our lives. However, salvation is not automa tically obtained by baptism but by accepting Christ as our savior, trust in Christ and grow in holiness to be near unto God.Baptism represents an act of initiation for Christian believers into the church service. By being baptized, we make a covenant of relationship between God and also between congregations in a church. As baptized Christians, we join the universal church and make a promise our loyalty as the body of Christ.8. Explain the role and significance of the Lords Supper in the ministry to which you have been called.God provides us various ways in which we can grow in Gods grace. The Lords Supper, also known as Communion, or Eucharist, is one of the Christs gifts to the church, in which we experience Gods grace. Following Jesus example and instruction, when the church celebrates the Lords Supper we retrieve gifts of wampum and wine. In this sacrament, we celebrate our fellowship with Christ and with each other.The invitation to the Table comes from the risen and present Christ. In United Methodist, whoever loves him, repents their sins, and seeks to live as a Christian disciple is invited to participate in the Lords Supper. By responding to this invitation we affirm and deepen our relationship with God through Jesus Christ.It is not easy to understand how bread and wine become Jesus body and blood in the Lords Supper. So it is mystery. Some churches insist that the Lords Supper is merely a memorial of Christs sacrifice and a sign of Christian fellowship. Some churches including historic Reformed churches insist that bread and wine in Communion conveys a unique spiritual power although Christs body ascended into heaven. Lutheran churches insist that Christs substantial body is present with the elements of bread and wine. And the Roman Catholic churches insist that even the essence of bread and wine are changed into Christs true body and blood, with maintaining their physical reality persisting (transubstantiation). United Methodist believes that t he real presence of Christ is communicated to the believers.To participate in the Lords Supper is not merely to recall the event 2000 years ago. But when we receive bread and wine with faith, it becomes dynamic action within us and we experience the grace of body and blood of Christ which is re-presented to us in the Lords Supper. The past event of our Lords death, resurrection and ascension comes into the present so that its power once again touches us, changes us, and heals us.We gather at the table with joy. Our eating and drinking is a celebration of our risen Lord. Through the power of the Holy Spirit, Christ is present with us at the table and so we give joyful thanks for what God has done and is doing in our lives and in the world. We come to the table in hope. We look forward with joyful anticipation to the coming reign of God.9. How do you intend to affirm, teach and apply Part II of the Discipline (Doctrinal Standards and Our Theological Task) in your work in the ministry to which you have been called?What we believe as Christians matters. What we believe tells us who we are. Part II of the Book of Discipline contains Methodist heritage in faith and faith and heart of Methodist doctrines. In other words, Part II of the Book of Discipline tells us who we are as Christians, particularly Methodists. It is important for Methodists to study this in order for us to have a clear understanding of our heritage, doctrine, and the faith we profess together. Our Christian faith is construct on tradition which fathers in faith handed over to us. We will also add our profession of faith upon it and turn it over to the next generation. Therefore, as a pastor, to lead people into right direction to Christian faith by affirming and teaching what we believe and who we are is crucial.In order to fulfill this mission, I will preach the gospel verified in our tradition and theology. A pastor should not preach the gospel according to his or her own theology but we shoul d profess communal faith built upon tradition. Through preaching and small group study, I will teach Methodist heritage. To learn who our fathers of faith were and what they believed will help us to know our identity and to understand the place where I am now. On the basis of our tradition, we should do our best to leave our footmarks so that our children can see and follow faith of their parents and go in the right direction. To leave footmarks of our faith is to teach our children and show them how to live out what we profess in our lives. I will teach our children the Methodist heritage and doctrine in Sunday School at a level they can understand.10. The United Methodist Church holds that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. What is your understanding of this theological position of the Church?The scripture is the primary source of Christian faith. It is clear that the S cripture is the primary vehicle by which we grow in faith. The scripture has great authority in teaching and guiding us in faithful living and right understanding as to the nature of God and humanity. All the scripture is God-breathed (2 Timothy 316). When we read the bible, the Holy Spirit guides us to find the truth which illuminates our life.Church tradition is an important practice for theological reflection and interpretation of the Scripture. Christian faith has built upon our ancestors confessions of faith for a long period of time, and that formed church tradition. Tradition is a source of authority and a lens through which Scripture is interpreted inside it.Experience is an important practice for Christian faith because the scripture and theology must be understood on the basis of our experiences. common experience within a faith community helps us to understand Gods word toward us here and now.Reason is used to examine authenticity of theological reflection and an interpr etation of the scripture. By reason we ask questions of faith and seek to understand Gods action and will. However, reason as a practice for Christian faith does not mean to have a speculative thought but it indicates to conceive under the guidance of the Holy Spirit.Wesleys quadrilateral indicates the importance of checks and balances between iv practices. To focus upon one practice brings danger to a church to lose its balance and have a radical view on Christian faith. Thus, to carry on the balance between these four practices, with holding primacy of the scripture, is crucial.11. Describe the nature and mission of the Church. What are its primary tasks today?In regard to the nature of the church, I equip with the Nicene Creed which describes the church as one set apart catholic and apostolic. The church, in this case, meaning universal Christian church, is one in Christ. The church is holy so it is called apart from the secular world. Although only the part of holiness is se en at the church in the present time, we will see the fullness of holiness at the time of coming of Christ in the end. The Church is universal for all people. As it is written in 1 Cor. 1227, Church is likened to the Body of Christ whereby the coming together of the various parts form one perfect and organic body with Christ as the head. This analogy means that the church will embrace both the fullness of Christian teaching and the diversity of people who make up the church and function as the each parts of the body. The church is apostolic so it stands in continuity with the apostolic witness.I believe that the mission of the church can be found at the Twenty-five Articles of worship which indicates three necessary elements of the church faith(congregation of faithful men), preaching(in which the pure Word of God is preached) and sacrament(and the Sacrament duly administered) (13th Article of Religion, 1784). The church is the gathering of people of faith, spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ, and administers sacraments.The ultimate goal of the church should be to make people disciples of Jesus Christ. Through preaching, teaching, worship, and nurturing, the Church is Gods ordained vehicle whereby others can be disciplined and experience the grace in which we stand as the body of Christ.The primary task of the Church today is to be a true mission church. As the body of Christ, bound to God and to one another through Christ, church always lives in a community. To lose dynamic organism of a church means to lose its vital power. A part which is not united with the whole is useless. For that reason, a topical anaesthetic church should be connected with people and groups around it and be united with the universal church spiritually. If a church is connected and united, it should be transformative. If a church has a vital organic power, it will transform the world in which they live as a living plant bears fruits. God being connected to us came down in the for m of flesh to dwell among us. Jesus ministry was to preach the Good News and to live out the message of love with people around him. The church that truly impacts peoples life is the church that knows people around her, shares joys and sorrows of the people, and give them hope in Jesus Christ.12. Describe your understanding of the primary characteristics of United Methodist polity.First, the system, known as itinerancy, is the about distinguishing feature of Methodism. In many polities ministers are called, but in Methodist polity they are sent. One consequence of this system is that local congregations are slackly receptive to whoever minister is sent. This gives ministry an objective quality that is not dependent on the personal characters of individuals or the expectations of parishes. One of the most valuable consequences of this polity is the relative mastery that United Methodist Church has had in placing women and minorities in parish situation.Second, United Methodist Chu rch determines church policy in conferences, which function as deliberative bodies. There are several(prenominal) levels of such conferences. The annual conference is the basic corporate body of which the primary function is to connect local churches to one another. All ordinations take place at the annual conference. The highest deliberative body in Methodism is the General Conference. The conference legislates general policy for the church as a whole. The annual conferences are grouped geographically into the jurisdictional conference, of which there are presently five in the US. Central conferences are concerned with the work of the church outside the US. Churches within a specific area of an annual conference may assemble in district conferences. Annual meetings among local congregations or groups of contingent congregations, to which a ingredient of an annual conference is assigned, are known as charge conference.Third, one of the unique features of Methodist governance is a s tructure of official leadership through which the supervisory function takes place. The executive function of the bishop includes a number of powers-particularly associated with the appointment of clergy to charges. The bishop works through district superintendents. They act as liaisons between the local parishes and the bishop. The several district superintendents in a conference are called the bishops cabinet. The district superintendent presides at the charge conferences.Fourth, an involvement of lay people in the deliberative and legislative bodies of the church has been important. Governance in contemporary Methodism is a shared responsibility of clergy and lay people. Lay preachers and lay leaders continue to work in local churches.